Wednesday, October 11, 2006

實施銷售稅 – 談何容易?

<本文2006年10月20日在香港經濟日報A43版刊登,題目為 中小企難贊同消費稅>

開徵商品及服務稅(下稱消費稅)的公眾諮詢,不知不覺至今已經歷差不多三個月了,不久前,筆者和一些朋友跟財經事務及庫務局常任秘書長黎年見過面,盡抒各人對消費稅的意見,並探討在香港實施GST之可行性。整體而言,一言以蔽之:不甚樂觀。

劫貧濟富 商家中小企影響大

任何有爭議性的東西,社會都應抱開放、實事求是的態度,去深入討論和辯解才是。是以在諮詢開始的兩、三個月後,社會似乎已經能理性的討論這一課題,看看銷售稅是否在某程度上配合香港的全盤發展需要,是否真箇有利於香港在世界舞台上的競爭力,這個良性的討論基礎,是令人欣喜的。

說實在的,消費稅想必是有一定好處,有其不可否認的功能,否則也不可能被全球逾160個國家所採用。然而,這稅種又是否適合香港?香港又應否效法其它國家?這一議題無疑極具爭議性,作為IT界別的一份子,我也很著意想看看IT行業內各同業普遍對GST的看法和反應,故此早前在業界內做過一非正式的諮詢和調查,發現過半數同業對GST是持反對意見的,而他們所持的理由也非常實在的。

首先,毋庸否認的是銷售稅的而且確是個累退稅,這就予以市民有「劫貧濟富」之即時印象,因為一刀切的要所有市民都交稅,實在很難讓普羅大眾信服。縱使政府已在諮詢文件中列明各種相關措施,例如向低收入人士或一些商戶提供津貼或退稅等,以平衡GST所帶來的負面影響,但市民對消費稅所帶來的最終衝擊有多寡,仍是滿有戒心,而當中尤以商家和中小企為甚。

事實上,香港過往的成功,端賴低稅率及簡單稅制所致,這讓香港商家更能靈活的應付市場的急劇轉變,更具適應力和競爭力。一旦實行消費稅,便猶如為香港自設進出口關卡,即使把政府提供的退稅措施計算在內,也必然會令香港的貨物自由流動這長久而獨特的優勢有所褪色。

過往,中小企都是因應盈利高低而向政府交稅,至於標準稅率的17.5%是否合理,則屬見仁見智,大家可以討論。而即使因為經濟逆境,特區政府需要加稅以敷不足,社會各界包括各大小企業也沒多怨言。然而在銷售稅的覆蓋下,企業不論是否賺錢,也得要繳交相關稅項。亦即是說,若一些中小企在盈利不保、蝕錢經營之際,它們也得要上繳稅款,這感覺相信絕不好受吧!這其實亦是銷售稅難獲認同的一大原因。

當然,理論上企業可以把稅項轉嫁至消費者身上。但現實是,在香港市場競爭日益激烈、經營日益困難的今天,要企業完全把稅項向消費者轉嫁,實在談何容易?企業最終還不是要自己承擔一大部份的稅項?

香港稅基無疑狹窄,而拓闊稅基也顯得有其必要。然而當市民在深入討論銷售稅後,便會發現即使每年徵收5%的銷售稅,額外有300億元的收入,也未必能應付日益膨脹的政府開支。

小政府大市場 減開支勝推新稅

過往十年,政府在教育及社會福利上支出,總共增加了差不多五百億,單就是去年,教育開支已是五百五十億元,而社會福利開支則為三百四十億元。政府開支連年增加,不斷開徵新稅種,甚或不斷加稅以敷開支,也不是辦法,亦很難會得到市民的認同。

因此,我認為政府最應做的,不是考慮徵收銷售稅,而是要量入為出,在縮減公共開支方面多下功夫,以期令納稅人所繳的每分每毫都能用得其所,這便是「小政府、大市場」的切實目標。而若政府真的能提升其服務效率和質素,真的節省了開支,哪即使他日要加稅,市民相信也會理解和接受的。

還有,是實施消費稅的行政困難有多大?會否影響香港的旅遊業?這些都是實在而切身的問題,需要社會深入的探討,筆者期望社會日後可有更多這方面的理性討論,而政府在推行消費稅時也決不能過於草率,必須要先弄清所有隱憂和可能之變數。筆者希望假以時日,社會在充份考慮後,稅制改革能向前推進,以適應香港的長期發展,那必將是香港之福。

3 comments:

Anonymous said...

收入低的小市民,十成都反對向他們收GST,進一步降低他們的生活水準,舒緩措施其實只會造成行政浪費。

Anonymous said...

Would it possible the governamoent want to :
1. Educate/lead the public
2. Lead the pressure group to drive cutting in major spend and civil servant
3. Steer the focus of press and political group....

Anonymous said...

Dear Samson,
I read your article and agree with you 100%.
Personally, I lived in
Canada for 20 years. I have seen
the GST implemented there. Most people there that I
know of hate and complain
about the GST. Unfortunately, once it is implemented,
it is difficult to get
rid of it. So it is important not to start it in Hong
Kong before you regret later on.
To most people, whenever they think of purchasing
something major, such
as a car, a house, a piano, or pay the tuition fees
for their sons and
daughters, they have to shell out extra dollars, which
amount to as much as something
like 13% for the Canadian Federal GST and the
Provincial GST (this portion may vary from province to
province). It hurts
ordinary people psychologically, because on top of the
income tax, the GST
hits you every day throughout the year. It is
difficult to figure out
how much (percentage wise) in total an average person
would pay taxes in a
year. It is pretty high for sure. People are just too
reluctant to do the calculation.
I like the simple tax system, which is the GST-free
tax system. Most people like it, becuase there is no
other hidden taxes - one pays his/her income tax once
a year, that is it. The GST can become a big number if
you do a lot of buying and selling.
If the Government needs more spending money, they
should levy higher income tax on the richer people
rather than the poorer middle-class. Alternatively,
they could decrease the size of the civil servants,
like most western societies. Most importantly, let's
not start the GST in Hong Kong beacuse, like all
other countries which have implemented it, we shall
find GST eventually hurts the whole economy
simply because GST kills people's will-power to
purchase non-essential goods and services.
Keep up the good work.

Regards,
Victor